There are two forms of headaches: primary headaches and secondary headaches.
The former are the condition; they are not symptoms of an underlying disease, injury, or condition. While primary headaches account for half of all reported cases, secondary headaches are better understood. These are caused by a variety of health issues, including dehydration and caffeine withdrawal, as well as head and neck injuries and heart illness. Over 150 diagnosable varieties have been identified by doctors, each with its own set of causes, symptoms, and therapies.
Swelling is not the only cause of headache pain. Headaches are also caused by tense muscles, irritated and sensitive nerves, which create varied degrees of suffering. However, all of these situations are caused by a cranial irritation. While the reason for secondary headaches is established, the cause of primary headaches remains uncertain. Scientists are still looking into the causes of the three forms of primary headaches: recurrent, long-lasting migraines, very painful, rapid-fire cluster headaches, and the most frequent of them, tension headaches.
Tension headaches cause the sensation of a tight band being squeezed around the head, as the name suggests. These headaches make the pericranial muscles more delicate, causing them to painfully pulse with blood and oxygen. Patients cite stress, dehydration and hormonal changes as triggers, but they do not seem to suit the symptoms. In dehydration headaches, for example, the frontal lobe shrinks away from the skull, resulting in forehead swelling that differs from the area of pain in tension headaches. Scientists have various suggestions about what is causing the problem, ranging from spasming blood vessels to overly sensitive nociceptors, but no one knows for certain.
Meanwhile, the majority of headache research is focused on primary headaches that are more severe. Migraines are headaches that cause a vise-like sensation on the skull and can last anywhere from four hours to three days. In 20% of cases, the episodes are severe enough to overload the brain with electrical energy, causing sensory nerve endings to hyper-excite. This produces auras, which are visual hallucinations, that involve seeing flashing lights and geometric patterns, as well as tingling sensations.
Another type of primary headache is cluster headache, which causes scorching, stabbing pain behind one eye, resulting in a red eye, restricted pupil, and drooping eyelid.
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